Since this date commonly falls within Lent, the 1969 revision of the calendar moved his memorial to 28 January, the date of the translation of his relics to Church of the Jacobins, Toulouse. Thomas Aquinas believed "that for the knowledge of any truth whatsoever man needs divine help, that the intellect may be moved by God to its act. [I]n distributive justice something is given to a private individual, in so far as what belongs to the whole is due to the part, and in a quantity that is proportionate to the importance of the position of that part in respect of the whole. He dealt with the concept of a just price, normally its market price or a regulated price sufficient to cover seller costs of production. Thomas believes the human who prepared for the afterlife both morally and intellectually will be rewarded more greatly; however, all reward is through the grace of God. Saint Thomas Aquinas, (born 1224/25, Roccasecca, near Aquino, Terra di Lavoro, Kingdom of Sicilydied March 7, 1274, Fossanova, near Terracina, Latium, Papal States; canonized July 18, 1323; feast day January 28, formerly March 7), Foremost philosopher and theologian of the Roman Catholic church. Saint Thomas Academy - Wikipedia Handwritten copies of his works were distributed to libraries across Europe. However, countering Apollinaris' views, Thomas held that Christ had a truly human (rational) soul, as well. 17- Jackson Bauer, Seneca md. Moreover, the common good is better than the particular good of one person. By accepting the essentiality of both body and soul, he allows for a Heaven and Hell described in scripture and church dogma. Perfected human nature consists in the human dual nature, embodied and intellecting. "[160] Thomas argued in favor of the satisfaction view of atonement; that is, that Jesus Christ died "to satisfy for the whole human race, which was sentenced to die on account of sin. Most of his major works have now been edited: the Summa Theologiae in nine volumes during 18881906, the Summa contra Gentiles in three volumes during 19181930. We have a proud history of caring for our students and an exciting future whereby, together, we will overcome the societal challenges we currently face and develop each unique individual into our leaders of tomorrow leaders who have a true sense of purpose. Prayer Before Study Aquinas College - Nashville, Tennessee [43], In his position as head of the studium, Thomas conducted a series of important disputations on the power of God, which he compiled into his De potentia. Aside from his master's writings, he wrote De ente et essentia (On Being and Essence) for his fellow Dominicans in Paris. While teaching at Cologne in the early 1250s, Saint Thomas Aquinas wrote a lengthy commentary on scholastic theologian Peter Lombard's Four Books of Sentences, called Scriptum super libros Sententiarium, or Commentary on the Sentences. All that remained was to recognize the God of Exodus as having the nature of "Him Who is the supreme act of being". We have a proud history of caring for our students and an exciting future whereby, together, we will overcome the societal challenges we currently face and develop each unique individual into our leaders of tomorrow leaders who have a true sense of purpose.. College searches can be overwhelming, but at STAC, were here to help you every step of the way. He produced a comprehensive synthesis of Christian theology and Aristotelian philosophy that influenced Roman Catholic doctrine for centuries and was adopted as the official philosophy of the church in 1917. We partner with our students, offering more than 85% of our students scholarships and grants as part of their aid package. In so doing, he gave his ideas a contemporarysome would say timelesseveryday context. Alternate titles: Aquinas, Doctor Angelicus, San Tommaso DAquino, Lecturer, cole pratique des hautes tudes, Paris, 194551. The son of Landulph, count of Aquino, Saint Thomas Aquinas was born circa 1225 in Roccasecca, Italy, near Aquino, Terra di Lavoro, in the Kingdom of Sicily. During this time, they attempted to deprogram Thomas of his new beliefs. NJ state wrestling tournament: Live consolation results 2). Italian Dominican theologian Saint Thomas Aquinas was one of the most influential medieval thinkers of Scholasticism and the father of the Thomistic school of theology. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. During that period, he also wrote De ente et essentia, or On Being and Essence, for the Dominican monks in Paris. Under this doctrine, expansionist wars, wars of pillage, and wars for glory are all inherently unjust. For example, G. K. Chesterton wrote that "His experiences included well-attested cases of levitation in ecstasy; and the Blessed Virgin appeared to him, comforting him with the welcome news that he would never be a Bishop. Thomas also greatly influenced Catholic understandings of mortal and venial sins. The pope noted that the position of Aquinas had been more widely held among theologians and canon lawyers, than that of John Duns Scotus.[176]. [112], Whether the natural law contains several precepts, or one only is explained by Thomas, "All the inclinations of any parts whatsoever of human nature, e.g., of the concupiscible and irascible parts, in so far as they are ruled by reason, belong to the natural law, and are reduced to one first precept, as stated above: so that the precepts of the natural law are many in themselves, but are based on one common foundation. In modern times, under papal directives, the study of his works was long used as a core of the required program of study for those seeking ordination as priests or deacons, as well as for those in religious formation and for other students of the sacred disciplines (philosophy, Catholic theology, church history, liturgy, and canon law). Combining the theological principles of faith with the philosophical principles of reason, Saint Thomas Aquinas ranked among the most influential thinkers of medieval Scholasticism. [58], Disputes with some important Franciscans conspired to make his second regency much more difficult and troubled than the first. At mass, he reportedly heard a voice coming from a crucifix that said, "Thou hast written well of me, Thomas; what reward wilt thou have?" [56] This studium was transformed in the 16th century into the College of Saint Thomas (Latin: Collegium Divi Thom). Members of the St. Thomas community gathered on May 2, 2019, outside the Chapel of St. Thomas Aquinas for a ceremonial groundbreaking of construction on the Iversen Center for Faith and renovation of the chapel. Students make real the vision of the college: Aquinas College is an exceptional Catholic liberal arts college that prepares individuals for careers of leadership and service in developing a sustainable and just global community. St. Thomas Aquinas, Italian San Tommaso d'Aquino, also called Aquinas, byname Doctor Angelicus (Latin: "Angelic Doctor"), (born 1224/25, Roccasecca, near Aquino, Terra di Lavoro, Kingdom of Sicily [Italy]died March 7, 1274, Fossanova, near Terracina, Latium, Papal States; canonized July 18, 1323; feast day January 28, formerly March 7), Italian Serving as a tenured professor of music and chair of both the Department of Music and the Department of Fine and Performing Arts at Benedictine University. Omissions? 197 Dover Point Rd, Dover, NH 03820 Phone: 603-742-3206 Fax: 603-749-7822 The position taken by Aquinas is that if children were being reared in error, the Church had no authority to intervene. A perfect virtue is any virtue with charity, charity completes a cardinal virtue. Thomas was born to parents who were in possession of a modest feudal domain on a boundary constantly disputed by the emperor and the pope. Thomas was sent first to Naples and then to Rome to meet Johannes von Wildeshausen, the Master General of the Dominican Order. Summa Conta Gentiles, Book III, Chapter 146, paragraphs 25, Summa of Theology I, q.2, The Five Ways Philosophers Have Proven God's Existence. His steady hand has led the College through a challenging seven months. "[126], According to Thomas the soul is not matter, not even incorporeal or spiritual matter. 61)", "The Origins of Social Justice: Taparelli d'Azeglio", https://isidore.co/aquinas/ContraGentiles3b.htm#146, "Of Cheating, Which Is Committed in Buying and Selling", "Augustine and Aquinas on Original Sin and the Function of Political Authority", "Doctrine of "Fair Price" by Thomas Aquinas: background, laws of development and specific interpretation", "Aquinas' Philosophical Theology | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy", "SUMMA THEOLOGIAE: The ascension of Christ (Tertia Pars, Q. Thomas made a distinction between a good man and a good citizen, which was important to the development of libertarian theory. [107], Natural and human law is not adequate alone. Dr. Manuel T. Pion, O.P. As a consequence, worldly rulers are obliged to adapt their laws to the Catholic Church's doctrines and determinations. Student residence halls continue to be built. Thomas defined the four cardinal virtues as prudence, temperance, justice, and fortitude. [52] With his departure for Paris in 1268 and the passage of time the pedagogical activities of the studium provinciale at Santa Sabina were divided between two campuses. Over the years, U.S. News & World Report, in its Best Colleges and Universities editions, has consistently ranked St. Thomas Aquinas College as a Top Tier Regional University. Updates? To so focus on lovingly willing good is to focus natural law on acting virtuously. [88], Thomas Aquinas was a theologian and a Scholastic philosopher. Pontifical Academy of Saint Thomas Aquinas - Wikipedia Brief Lives Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) Hilarius Bogbinder discovers the surprisingly revolutionary views of one of the Catholic Church"s most revered philosophers.. Thomas Aquinas was the greatest theologian in the middle ages." Thus read an ultra-short biography of the Dominican Friar and philosopher St Thomas de Aquino (1225-1274), printed at the end of the Danish Hymn Book (when I was a . One video is in English, one video is in Spanish. In what appears to be an attempt to counteract the growing fear of Aristotelian thought, Thomas conducted a series of disputations between 1270 and 1272: De virtutibus in communi (On Virtues in General), De virtutibus cardinalibus (On Cardinal Virtues), and De spe (On Hope). Registration forms in church or office Saint Thomas Aquinas Catholic Church 2180 S. Kissingen Ave. Bartow FL, 33830 Diocese of Orlando Not only were they compatible, according to Thomas's ideology, but they could also work in collaboration: He believed that revelation could guide reason and prevent it from making mistakes, while reason could clarify and demystify faith. Explore our programs to see what piques your interest! In Orvieto Thomas completed his Summa contra Gentiles, wrote the Catena aurea (The Golden Chain),[45] and produced works for Pope Urban IV such as the liturgy for the newly created feast of Corpus Christi and the Contra errores graecorum (Against the Errors of the Greeks). Reason knows what is objectively good because the good is naturally beneficial and evil is the contrary. He was born to the most powerful branch of the family, and Landulf of Aquino was a man of means. He understands the soul as the form of the body, which makes a human being the composite of the two. Therefore, to punish the wicked is not in itself evil. Thomas believed both were necessaryor, rather, that the confluence of both was necessaryfor one to obtain true knowledge of God. But the priesthood is twofold, as stated in the same passage, viz, the levitical priesthood, and the priesthood of Christ. President Daly transitioned into the role as President over six months, completing an industry leadership program for new college presidents, and working closely to support the colleges COVID-19 response plans. 10: The issue was discussed in a papal bull by Pope Benedict XIV (1747) where both schools were addressed. You can watch video of the May 5, 2022 announcement here. "[192] Even though modern approaches to education do not support these views, "No follower of Saint Thomas would, on that account, cease to believe in lifelong monogamy, because the real grounds of belief are not those which are alleged. For Thomas, "the mystery of Incarnation was not completed through God being changed in any way from the state in which He had been from eternity, but through His having united Himself to the creature in a new way, or rather through having united it to Himself."[166]. Augustine of Hippo's reflexion on divine essentiality or essentialist theology would influence Richard of St. Victor, Alexander of Hales and St. Bonaventure. [184] So, a human being is a matter-form composite that is organized to be a rational animal. In the Summa Theologiae, he wrote: With regard to heretics two points must be observed: one, on their own side; the other, on the side of the Church. Ioannem Vercellensem de articulis 108 sumptis ex opere Petri de Tarentasia (Reply to Brother John of Vercelli Regarding 108 Articles Drawn from the Work of Peter of Tarentaise). Giving students the choice to seek out their dreams, STA provides a diverse environment for all Raiders to engage with others and to inspire them. St. Thomas Aquinas Aquinas College - Nashville, Tennessee Highlights of President-elect Crdobas academic accomplishments include: Extremely active professionally, Crdoba writes and presents regularly on topics ranging from mission integration and strategic planning to music curriculum and using the arts to develop critical thinking skills. STAC is buzzing with excitement! [134] The Fifth Lateran Council defined usury as "when, from its use, a thing which produces nothing is applied to the acquiring of gain and profit without any work, any expense or any risk". First, the just price must be relative to the worth of the good. The President's Council consists of benefactors who make a total yearly gift of $1,000 or more in support of Thomas Aquinas College. "[110] Natural law is the human "participation" in the eternal law and is discovered by reason. [27] It was here that Thomas was probably introduced to Aristotle, Averroes and Maimonides, all of whom would influence his theological philosophy. [70] After taking to his bed, he did recover some strength. Under the canon Episcopi, church doctrine held that witchcraft was not possible and any practitioners of sorcery were deluded and their acts an illusion. The monks wanted Saint Thomas Aquinas to stay at the castle, but, sensing that his death was near, Thomas preferred to remain at the monastery, saying, "If the Lord wishes to take me away, it is better that I be found in a religious house than in the dwelling of a layperson.". He was a member of the Board of Trustees at St. Francis College in Brooklyn, his alma mater, from 2011 to 2020, serving as a member of the Executive Committee and Chairman of the Finance Committee and previously serving on the Academic Affairs Committee. Human beings are material, but the human person can survive the death of the body through continued existence of the soul, which persists. Life Legal Defense Foundation; past president of Pasadena Legatus Chapter; past chairman of the Board of Directors of St. Monica Academy; inaugural president of the Thomas Aquinas College Alumni . On the other hand, the object of the intellectual and moral virtues is something comprehensible to human reason. Not everything can be unnecessary, for then once there was nothing and there would still be nothing. The cardinal virtues are natural and revealed in nature, and they are binding on everyone. These sources of data were produced by the self-revelation of God to individuals and groups of people throughout history. [37] When Albertus was sent by his superiors to teach at the new studium generale at Cologne in 1248,[36] Thomas followed him, declining Pope Innocent IV's offer to appoint him abbot of Monte Cassino as a Dominican. Existence of necessary and the unnecessary: Our experience includes things certainly existing but apparently unnecessary. St. Thomas Aquinas College is dedicated to the holistic development of its students. We offer this prayer for our students, composed by our patron St. Thomas Aquinas, that may be helpful before studying, teaching, speaking, or any other activity that involves these faculties. He will succeed . Thomas states clearly his stance on resurrection, and uses it to back up his philosophy of justice; that is, the promise of resurrection compensates Christians who suffered in this world through a heavenly union with the divine. Against Nestorius, who suggested that Son of God was merely conjoined to the man Christ, Thomas argued that the fullness of God was an integral part of Christ's existence. . Our 100+ programs in the School of Arts & Social Sciences, School of Business, School of Education and School of STEM will prepare you for success for life after graduation. (1992-1995); Rev. "Therefore I say that this proposition, "God exists", of itself is self-evident, for the predicate is the same as the subject Now because we do not know the essence of God, the proposition is not self-evident to us; but needs to be demonstrated by things that are more known to us, though less known in their naturenamely, by effects."[146]. Heresy was a capital offense against the secular law of most European countries of the 13th century. He was an Adjunct Professor of Management at St. Francis since 1992 and has also lectured at Harvard, MIT, New York University, St. Johns University, and in England, Italy, and Canada. Maintaining more than $5.4 million in endowed funds for the Center for Catholic Studies, raising funds to ensure continued mission integration throughout the university. 'Thomas of Aquino'; 1225 - 7 March 1274) was an Italian Dominican friar and priest, an influential philosopher and theologian, and a jurist in the tradition of scholasticism from the county of Aquino in present-day Lazio, Italy; he is known within the tradition as the Doctor Angelicus, the Doctor Communis, and the . Thomas wrote that the term "Trinity" "does not mean the relations themselves of the Persons, but rather the number of persons related to each other; and hence it is that the word in itself does not express regard to another. Furthermore, in his Treatise on Law, Thomas distinguished four kinds of law: eternal, natural, human, and divine. The relationship between will and goal is antecedent in nature "because rectitude of the will consists in being duly ordered to the last end [that is, the beatific vision]." [66] Because of what he saw, he abandoned his routine and refused to dictate to his socius Reginald of Piperno. [138], In other words, Aquinas thinks Christian doctrines are "fitting" to reason (i.e. Governance | Thomas Aquinas College Therefore, human nature is empty. This goal is achieved through the beatific vision, in which a person experiences perfect, unending happiness by seeing the essence of God. Thomas insists beatitude will be conferred according to merit, and will render the person better able to conceive the divine. Thomas responded, "Nothing but you, Lord. This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 22:48. Although the life of a heretic who repents should be spared, the former heretic should be executed if he relapses into heresy. Of course, our international students travel further yet find a home amidst the rich cultural metropolitan community that is New York City. For they were not generated according to nature, but by the corruption of some natural principle, as it now also happens that some monstrous offspring are generated because of the corruption of seed.[143]. When youre ready to apply, your admissions counselor will provide you with the guidance you need to simplify the process. Our tuition costs are among the lowest in the region for private schools. By this move he took a liberating step beyond the feudal world into which he was born and the monastic spirituality in which he was reared. Biography and associated logos are trademarks of A+E Networksprotected in the US and other countries around the globe. The central thought is "gratia non tollit naturam, sed perficit" ('grace does not destroy nature, but perfects it').[70]. [158], Thomas's five proofs for the existence of God take some of Aristotle's assertions concerning principles of being. [31], Thomas was held prisoner for almost one year in the family castles at Monte San Giovanni and Roccasecca in an attempt to prevent him from assuming the Dominican habit and to push him into renouncing his new aspiration. At the Benedictine house, which was closely affiliated with the University of Naples, Thomas also developed an interest in more contemporary monastic orders. STA), originally known as St. Thomas Aquinas Seminary and formerly known as St. Thomas Military Academy, is the only all-male, Catholic, college-preparatory, military high school in Minnesota.It is located in Mendota Heights near Saint Paul.The Academy has a middle school (grades 6-8) and a high school (grades 9-12). [13] His ideas especially influenced Western thought and modern philosophy, particularly in the areas of ethics, natural law, metaphysics, and political theory. 1700 Fulton St. E On their own side there is the sin, whereby they deserve not only to be separated from the Church by excommunication, but also to be severed from the world by death. This system had a concern in the Protestant opposition to the Roman Catholic Church and in "disinterested" replies to Thomism carried out by Kant and by Spinoza. "[192], The first edition of Thomas's complete works, the so-called editio Piana (from Pius V, the Dominican Pope who commissioned it), was produced in 1570 at the studium of the Roman convent at Santa Maria sopra Minerva, the forerunner of the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum.[193]. Board of Trustees | St. John's University Our tuition costs are among the lowest in the region for private schools. Thomas quotes, "The Apostle says (Hebrews 7.12): The priesthood being translated, it is necessary that a translation also be made of the law. Thomas thought that monarchy is the best form of government, because a monarch does not have to form compromises with other persons. Thomas Aquinas wrote several important commentaries on Aristotle's works, including On the Soul, On Interpretation, Nicomachean Ethics, Physics and Metaphysics. Kings and emperors, even those at war with the papacy, listed heresy first among the crimes against the state. The belligerents must exhaust all options for dialogue and negotiation before undertaking a war; war is legitimate only as a last resort. By abiding by the social laws of the state, people could earn eternal salvation of their souls in the afterlife, he purported. We have a dedicated team of faculty and administrators who will mentor the students every step of the way. Eternal law is the decree of God that governs all creation: "That Law which is the Supreme Reason cannot be understood to be otherwise than unchangeable and eternal. Thomas Aquinas refers to animals as dumb and that the natural order has declared animals for man's use. Peter G. Kane has been appointed by The Most Reverend James F. Checchio, Bishop of the Diocese of Metuchen as the next President of St. Thomas Aquinas High School in Edison, New Jersey. After taking his bachelors degree, he received the licentia docendi (license to teach) at the beginning of 1256 and shortly afterward finished the training necessary for the title and privileges of master. Thomas held that the price of a good measures its quality: "the quality of a thing that comes into human use is measured by the price given for it. These are somewhat supernatural and are distinct from other virtues in their object, namely, God: Now the object of the theological virtues is God Himself, Who is the last end of all, as surpassing the knowledge of our reason. The final stage on the road to a state title is the Boardwalk Hall in Atlantic City at the NJSIAA/Rothman Orthopaedics State Championships. One actually existing substance comes from body and soul. In Wisdom 8:19, Saint Thomas Aquinas is described as "a witty child" who "had received a good soul." As a theologian, he was responsible in his two masterpieces, the Summa theologiae and the Summa contra gentiles, for the classical systematization of Latin theology, and, as a poet, he wrote some of the most gravely beautiful eucharistic hymns in the churchs liturgy. Abb Migne published an edition of the Summa Theologiae, in four volumes, as an appendix to his Patrologiae Cursus Completus (English editions: Joseph Rickaby 1872, J.M. His innocence, on a par . Ashley 1888). His parents were well-off, but as the youngest son Thomas was expected to enter the monastery. [83] His remains were translated from Fossanova to the Church of the Jacobins in Toulouse on 28 January 1369. St. Thomas Aquinas as a Political Philosopher. [49] Tolomeo da Lucca, an associate and early biographer of Thomas, tells us that at the Santa Sabina studium Thomas taught the full range of philosophical subjects, both moral and natural. Aquinas asserts that Christians have a duty to distribute with provision to the poorest of society. Thomas Aquinas also wrote extensively on usury, that is, the lending of money with interest. St. Thomas Aquinas was the greatest of the Scholastic philosophers. Resurrection appears to require dualism, which Thomas rejects. Contents 1 History 2 Present day It's time to crown state champions. Over the course of its history, the College has been served by five presidents two of them founders who have carried on this mission. [11] He has been described as "the most influential thinker of the medieval period"[12] and "the greatest of the medieval philosopher-theologians". Joyce refers to Thomas's doctrines in Elementa philosophiae ad mentem D. Thomae Aquinatis doctoris angelici (1898) of Girolamo Maria Mancini, professor of theology at the Collegium Divi Thomae de Urbe. In addition to spiritual reward, humans can expect to enjoy material and physical blessings. The human soul is different from other material and spiritual things; it is created by God, but also comes into existence only in the material body. Along the way, he fell ill at the Cistercian monastery of Fossanova, Italy. The critical edition of Thomas's works is the ongoing edition commissioned by Pope Leo XIII (18821903), the so-called Leonine Edition. "[157] The Father generates the Son (or the Word) by the relation of self-awareness. Thomas Aquinas, OP (/ k w a n s /; Italian: Tommaso d'Aquino, lit. [71] After resting for a while, he set out again, but stopped at the Cistercian Fossanova Abbey after again falling ill.[74] The monks nursed him for several days,[75] and as he received his last rites he prayed: "I have written and taught much about this very holy Body, and about the other sacraments in the faith of Christ, and about the Holy Roman Church, to whose correction I expose and submit everything I have written. For the first time in history, Christian believers and theologians were confronted with the rigorous demands of scientific rationalism. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Sin is abrogating either one's own reason, on the one hand, or revelation on the other, and is synonymous with "evil" (privation of good, or privatio boni[156]). [62], Thomas has been traditionally ascribed with the ability to levitate. Dr. Orlando C. Aceron, O.P. The major theological components of Christianity, such as the Trinity, the Incarnation, and charity are revealed in the teachings of the church and the scriptures and may not otherwise be deduced. 2)", "1225-1274- Thomas Aquinas, Sanctus\ Operum Omnium Conspectus seu 'Index of available Writings', University Library in Bratislava Digital Library, Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries, "St. Thomas's Doctrine of Necessary Being", Aquinas on Intelligent Extra-Terrestrial Life, "Aquinas' Moral, Political and Legal Philosophy", Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi, Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution, Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary, Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart, Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII, Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration, Constitution of the Athenians (Aristotle), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Aquinas&oldid=1142174028, 13th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests, 13th-century Italian Roman Catholic theologians, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with style issues from August 2022, Pages using infobox philosopher with embed equal yes, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023, Articles containing Italian-language text, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2015, Articles lacking reliable references from May 2020, Wikipedia articles with style issues from September 2013, Articles needing expert attention from September 2013, Philosophy articles needing expert attention, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Pages using sidebar with the child parameter, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012, Articles with disputed statements from August 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Articles with Latin-language sources (la), Articles with Italian-language sources (it), Articles with German-language sources (de), Articles with Spanish-language sources (es), Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles with Portuguese-language sources (pt), Articles with Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 28 January, 7 March (pre-1969 Roman Calendar).
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