Francis O. J. Smith to Secretary of State Dan Special Message to the House of Representatives, Special Message to Congress on Mexican Relations. His ideas about federalism and his interpretation of the Constitution as a document uniting the states under one supreme law were highly influential in the eyes of his contemporaries and would influence the rebuilding of the nation after the Civil War. Finally, sir, the honorable gentleman says, that the states will only interfere, by their power, to preserve the Constitution. Web hardcover $30.00 paperback $17.00 kindle nook book ibook. Sir, if we are, then vain will be our attempt to maintain the Constitution under which we sit. . Sir, the very chief end, the main design, for which the whole Constitution was framed and adopted, was to establish a government that should not be obliged to act through state agency, or depend on state opinion and state discretion. Sir, I deprecate and deplore this tone of thinking and acting. Several state governments or courts, some in the north, had espoused the idea of nullification prior to 1828. Speech of Senator Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina, January 27, 1830. . The action, the drama, the suspensewho needs the movies? Sir, I will not stop at the border; I will carry the war into the enemys territory, and not consent to lay down my arms, until I shall have obtained indemnity for the past, and security for the future.[4] It is with unfeigned reluctance that I enter upon the performance of this part of my duty. Webster stood in favor of Connecticut's proposal that the federal government should stop surveying western land and sell the land it had already surveyed to boost it's revenue and strengthen it's authority. . Southern states advocated for strong, sovereign state governments, a small federal government, the western expansion of the agricultural economy, and with it, the maintenance of the institution of slavery. He speaks as if he were in Congress before 1789. 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The heated speeches were unplanned and stemmed from the debate over a resolution by Connecticut Senator Samuel A. Two leading ideas predominated in this reply, and with respect to either Hayne was not only answered but put to silence. Differences between Northern and Southern ideas of good governance, which eventually led to the American Civil War, were beginning to emerge. Speech of Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, January 26 and 27, 1830. . . If the gentleman provokes the war, he shall have war. [Its leader] would have a knot before him, which he could not untie. His speech was indeed a powerful one of its eloquence and personality. Nor shall I stop there. But the topic which became the leading feature of the whole debate and gave it an undying interest was that of nullification, in which Hayne and Webster came forth as chief antagonists. But, sir, the gentleman is mistaken. Sir, as to the doctrine that the federal government is the exclusive judge of the extent as well as the limitations of its powers, it seems to be utterly subversive of the sovereignty and independence of the states. . I spoke, sir, of the ordinance of 1787, which prohibited slavery, in all future times, northwest of the Ohio,[6] as a measure of great wisdom and foresight; and one which had been attended with highly beneficial and permanent consequences. This important consideration, seriously and deeply impressed on our minds, led each state in the Convention to be less rigid, on points of inferior magnitude, than might have been otherwise expected.. The Senate debates between Whig Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Democrat Senator Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina in January 1830 started out as a disagreement over the sale of Western lands and turned into one of the most famous verbal contests in American history. They switched from a. the tariff of 1828 to national power . . The tendency of all these ideas and sentiments is obviously to bring the Union into discussion, as a mere question of present and temporary expediency; nothing more than a mere matter of profit and loss. Before his term as a U.S. senator, Hayne had served as a state senator, a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, South Carolina's Speaker of the House, and Attorney General of South Carolina. Most are forgettable, to put it charitably. Crittenden Compromise Plan & Reception | What was the Crittenden Compromise? Hayne quotes from the Virginia Resolution (1798), authored by Thomas Jefferson, to protest the Alien and Sedition Acts (1798). The theory that the states' may vote against unfair laws. While the debaters argued about slavery, the economy, protection tariffs, and western land, the real implication was the meaning of the United States Constitution. You'll laugh, you'll cry, you'll hopefully stay awake until the end of the lesson. Sir, it is because South Carolina loves the Union, and would preserve it forever, that she is opposing now, while there is hope, those usurpations of the federal government, which, once established, will, sooner or later, tear this Union into fragments. Far, indeed, in my wishes, very far distant be the day, when our associated and fraternal stripes shall be severed asunder, and when that happy constellation under which we have risen to so much renown, shall be broken up, and be seen sinking, star after star, into obscurity and night! And who are its enemies? Can any man believe, sir, that, if twenty-three millions per annum was now levied by direct taxation, or by an apportionment of the same among the states, instead of being raised by an indirect tax, of the severe effect of which few are aware, that the waste and extravagance, the unauthorized imposition of duties, and appropriations of money for unconstitutional objects, would have been tolerated for a single year? Tariff of Abominations of 1828 | What was the Significance of the Tariff of Abominations? We see its consequences at this moment, and we shall never cease to see them, perhaps, while the Ohio shall flow. In 1830, the federal government collected few taxes and had two primary sources of revenue. In fact, Webster's definition of the Constitution as for the People, by the People, and answerable to the People would go on to form one of the most enduring ideas about American democracy. On the one side it is contended that the public land ought to be reserved as a permanent fund for revenue, and future distribution among the states, while, on the other, it is insisted that the whole of these lands of right belong to, and ought to be relinquished to, the states in which they lie. Union, of itself, is considered by the disciples of this school as hardly a good. Rachel Venter is a recent graduate of Metropolitan State University of Denver. I maintain that, from the day of the cession of the territories by the states to Congress, no portion of the country has acted, either with more liberality or more intelligence, on the subject of the Western lands in the new states, than New England. There is not, and never has been, a disposition in the North to interfere with these interests of the South. . All of these ideas, however, are only parts of the main point. When the honorable member rose, in his first speech, I paid him the respect of attentive listening; and when he sat down, though surprised, and I must say even astonished, at some of his opinions, nothing was farther from my intention than to commence any personal warfare: and through the whole of the few remarks I made in answer, I avoided, studiously and carefully, everything which I thought possible to be construed into disrespect. Which of the following statements best represents the desires of the Northern states during the debate of Missouri statehood? It impressed on the soil itself, while it was yet a wilderness, an incapacity to bear up any other than free men. Webster was eloquent, he was educated, he was witty, and he was a staunch defender of American liberty. Sir, we will not stop to inquire whether the black man, as some philosophers have contended, is of an inferior race, nor whether his color and condition are the effects of a curse inflicted for the offences of his ancestors. . What a commentary on the wisdom, justice, and humanity, of the Southern slave owner is presented by the example of certain benevolent associations and charitable individuals elsewhere. And now, Mr. President, let me run the honorable gentlemans doctrine a little into its practical application. . Sir, I am one of those who believe that the very life of our system is the independence of the states, and that there is no evil more to be deprecated than the consolidation of this government. South Carolina nullification was now coming in sight, and a celebrated debate that belongs to the first session exposed its claims and its fallacies to the country. Webster's description of the U.S. government as "made for the people, made by the people, and answerable to the people," was later paraphrased by Abraham Lincoln in the Gettysburg Address in the words "government of the people, by the people, for the people." The honorable gentleman from Massachusetts while he exonerates me personally from the charge, intimates that there is a party in the country who are looking to disunion. ", What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?. Nullification, Webster maintained, was a political absurdity. Noah grew a vineyard, got drunk on wine and lay naked. . . What idea was espoused with the Webster-Hayne debates? . The debates between daniel webster of massachusetts and robert hayne of south carolina gave. Thirty years before the Civil War broke out, disunion appeared to be on the horizon with the Nullification Crisis. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. When my eyes shall be turned to behold, for the last time, the sun in Heaven, may I not see him shining on the broken and dishonored fragments of a once glorious Union; on states dissevered, discordant, belligerent; on a land rent with civil feuds, or drenched, it may be, in fraternal blood! .Readers will finish the book with a clear idea of the reason Webster's "Reply" became so influential in its own day. . In all the efforts that have been made by South Carolina to resist the unconstitutional laws which Congress has extended over them, she has kept steadily in view the preservation of the Union, by the only means by which she believes it can be long preserveda firm, manly, and steady resistance against usurpation. Wilmot Proviso of 1846: Overview & Significance | What was the Wilmot Proviso? . . This was the man to fire an aristocracy of fellow citizens ready to arm when their interests were in danger, and upon him, it devolved to advance the cause of South Carolina, break down the tariff, and fascinate the Union with the new rattlesnake theories. It was a great and salutary measure of prevention. Are we yet at the mercy of state discretion, and state construction? Webster scoffed at the idea of consolidation, labeling it "that perpetual cry, both of terror and delusion." What Hayne and his supporters actually meant to do, Webster claimed, was to resist those means that might strengthen the bonds of common interest. . Let us look at the historical facts. . The WebsterHayne debate was a debate in the United States between Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Senator Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina that took place on January 1927, 1830 on the topic of protectionist tariffs. . Understand the 1830 debate's significance through an overview of issues of the Constitution, the Union, and state sovereignty. Such interference has never been supposed to be within the power of government; nor has it been, in any way, attempted. . The gentleman, indeed, argues that slavery, in the abstract, is no evil. Gloomy and downcast of late, Massachusetts men walked the avenue as though the fife and drum were before them. The speech is also known for the line Liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable, which would subsequently become the state motto of North Dakota, appearing on the state seal. The Webster Hayne Debate - DEBETE CJK The debaters were Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Senator Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina. Conversation-based seminars for collegial PD, one-day and multi-day seminars, graduate credit seminars (MA degree), online and in-person. In this regard, Webster anticipated an argument that Abraham Lincoln made in his First Inaugural Address (1861). In our contemplation, Carolina and Ohio are parts of the same country; states, united under the same general government, having interests, common, associated, intermingled. This government, sir, is the independent offspring of the popular will. It would be equally fatal to the sovereignty and independence of the states. On that system, Ohio and Carolina are different governments, and different countries, connected here, it is true, by some slight and ill-defined bond of union, but, in all main respects, separate and diverse. He entered the Senate on that memorable day with a slow and stately step and took his seat as though unconscious of the loud buzz of expectant interest with which the crowded auditory greeted his appearance. Hayne was a great orator, filled with fiery passion and eloquent prose. The main issue of the Webster-Hayne Debate was the nature of the country that had been created by the Constitution. This debate exposed the critically different understandings of the nature of the American. Northern states intended to strengthen the federal government, binding the states in the union under one supreme law, and eradicating the use of slave labor in the rapidly growing nation. On that system, Carolina has no more interest in a canal in Ohio than in Mexico. These irreconcilable views of national supremacy and state sovereignty framed the constitutional struggle that led to Civil War thirty years later. flashcard sets. Daniel Webster - Facts, Career & Legacy - HISTORY They ordained such a government; they gave it the name of a Constitution, and therein they established a distribution of powers between this, their general government, and their several state governments. . Our notion of things is entirely different. In coming to the consideration of the next great question, what ought to be the future policy of the government in relation to the public lands? . The United States, under the Constitution and federal government, was a single, unified nation, not a coalition of sovereign states. . Sir, I cordially respond to that appeal. Explore the Webster-Hayne debate. I understand the gentleman to maintain, that, without revolution, without civil commotion, without rebellion, a remedy for supposed abuse and transgression of the powers of the general government lies in a direct appeal to the interference of the state governments.
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